{"id":23778,"date":"2024-04-22T10:29:57","date_gmt":"2024-04-22T16:29:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/?p=23778"},"modified":"2024-04-22T10:29:57","modified_gmt":"2024-04-22T16:29:57","slug":"hannibal-conducatorul-cartaginez-care-putea-sa-schimbe-lumea-antica-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/hannibal-conducatorul-cartaginez-care-putea-sa-schimbe-lumea-antica-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Hannibal, conduc\u0103torul cartaginez care putea s\u0103 schimbe lumea antic\u0103 (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>I.Discutabila \u0219tiin\u021bificitate a istoriei\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Celebra afirma\u021bie socratian\u0103 \u201e\u0218tiu c\u0103 nu \u0219tiu nimic\u201d (sigur, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">adaug eu, G.P<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) este mereu actual\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te istoria, care taman din acest motiv n-ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 parte din r\u00e2ndul \u0219tiin\u021belor umaniste, ci \u2013 eventual – s\u0103 fie considerat\u0103 \u201eprincipalul instrument politico-ideologic \u00eentru prostirea \u0219i manevrarea maselor\u201d. Adic\u0103 ceea ce au f\u0103cut din totdeauna \u00eenving\u0103torii \u0219i despo\u021bii (istoria scris\u0103 la comanda lor), ceea ce a devenit o regul\u0103 \u00een toate \u021b\u0103rile bol\u0219evizate (de pild\u0103, \u00een Rom\u00e2nia cumpli\u021bilor ani \u201950, istoria oficial\u0103 era scris\u0103 de necalificatul alogen Mihail Roller, la comanda moscovi\u021bilor) \u0219i, dup\u0103 cum vedem, ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een actualele mari pepiniere ale autocra\u021biei de tip asiatic \u2013 Coreea de Nord, China \u0219i Rusia: Kim Jong-un \u0219i Xi Jinping c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 func\u021biile supreme \u00een statele lor bol\u0219evizate de c\u00e2te ori vor, iar haramul de Putin, dup\u0103 ce \u0219i-a eliminat fizic to\u021bi poten\u021bialii contracandida\u021bi (Aleksei Navaln\u00eei a fost ucis \u00een \u00eenchisoare cu c\u00e2teva s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni \u00eenainte de \u201ealegeri\u201d), a c\u00e2\u0219tigat un nou mandat necu\u0219er de pre\u0219edinte criminal cu halucinantul scor de peste 87%, scor planificat (sic!) \u00eenc\u0103 de anul trecut (c\u0103, de, \u00een detestabila \u201edemocra\u021bie\u201d putinisto-kremlinist\u0103 totul se planific\u0103, mai pu\u021bin moartea sforarilor-planificatori!) \u0219i cu 10% peste g\u0103selni\u021ba din 2018…<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A\u0219a cum am ar\u0103tat \u0219i \u00een alte articole, istoria poate s\u0103 fie considerat\u0103 \u201e\u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul vie\u021bii\u201d (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historia magistra vitae<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), dar \u2013 lipsit\u0103 de legi c\u0103l\u0103uzitoare (mult invocata obiectivitate a istoricului este \u0219i va r\u0103m\u00e2ne la stadiul de recomandare \u0219i poten\u021bialitate) \u2013 nu-i corect s\u0103 aib\u0103 statutul de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, ci de \u201eConcep\u021bie general\u0103, neunitar\u0103 \u0219i aproximativ\u0103 despre trecutul omenirii\u201d. Din urm\u0103toarele motive:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1)Din frecventa lips\u0103 a izvoarelor\/documentelor (arheologice, literare, epigrafice, numismatice, sigilografice, etno-folclorice, diplomatice), istoria ofer\u0103 informa\u021bii incerte despre un cr\u00e2mpei (c\u00e2teva mii de ani) din existen\u021ba de zeci de mii de ani a omenirii;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2)Lumina aruncat\u0103 de arheologie asupra trecutului este at\u00e2t de neclar\u0103 (cu nesf\u00e2r\u0219ite interpret\u0103ri \u0219i contraziceri), \u00eenc\u00e2t chiar arheologii recunosc c\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021ba lor este precar\u0103: \u201eDovezile arheologice sunt, din nefericire, fragmentare \u0219i, prin urmare, limitate\u201d (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Revista de Arheologie Biblic\u0103<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ianuarie\/februarie 1988);\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3)\u00centruc\u00e2t nu numai monarhilor din vechime, ci \u0219i c\u00e2rmuitorilor din perioada modern\u0103 nu le f\u0103cea\/nu le face pl\u0103cere s\u0103 consemneze e\u0219ecurile \u0219i \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerile (istoriografii oficiali aveau\/au porunc\u0103 s\u0103 dea o mare amploare doar reu\u0219itelor \u0219i victoriilor), multe dintre inscrip\u021biile antice \u0219i dintre documentele emise chiar \u00een zilele noastre, ne \u00een\u0219tiin\u021beaz\u0103 comentatorii one\u0219ti \u0219i cu judecat\u0103, \u201eapar\u021bin mai degrab\u0103 unei propagande oficiale dec\u00e2t istoriei\u201d;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4)Dat fiind faptul c\u0103 literatura istoric\u0103 este \u00een cea mai mare parte patetic\u0103 \u0219i subiectiv\u0103, iar personalit\u0103\u021bile (monarhi, conduc\u0103tori de o\u0219ti, reformatori religio\u0219i etc.) sunt \u00eenc\u0103rcate de legende \u0219i ne apar ca supraoameni (semizei, fiin\u021be providen\u021biale), nu e de mirare c\u0103 profesorul D. Tudor face \u00een opusculul <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alexandru Macedon <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Editura \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, 1968, Colec\u021bia <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orizonturi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) aceast\u0103 precizare: \u201eReconstituim azi istoria lui Alexandru Macedon pe baza celor ce s-au scris despre el, trei \u0219i chiar cinci secole mai t\u00e2rziu, de c\u0103tre istoricii din Imperiul roman, ca Diodor din Sicilia, Iustinus, Quintus Curtius, Plutarh \u0219i mai ales Arrianus, ca \u0219i pe baza informa\u021biilor culese din numismatic\u0103, epigrafie \u0219i papirologie\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mai po\u021bi s\u0103 fii obiectiv c\u00e2nd, \u00een urm\u0103 cu aproape dou\u0103 mii de ani \u0219i cu precarele informa\u021bii de la vreme respectiv\u0103 (mai degrab\u0103 legende \u0219i ipoteze dec\u00e2t certitudini), te apuci s\u0103 scrii, cinci sute de ani \u00een urma evenimentelor, despre acela care, dup\u0103 vizita \u00een Egipt la templul lui Ammon-Ra se autozeific\u0103 (se adreseaz\u0103 mamei sale cu formula: \u201eRegele Alexandru, fiul lui Zeus Ammon, c\u0103tre mama sa Olimpiada, salutare\u201d), iar dup\u0103 cucerirea Imperiului persan, nu ezit\u0103 s\u0103-l crucifice pe Calistene, istoriograful cur\u021bii \u0219i nepotul lui Aristotel, pentru absurda vin\u0103 c\u0103 a refuzat s\u0103 i se \u00eenchine ca unui zeu, dar s-a apropiat de regele tiran \u0219i l-a s\u0103rutat pe obraz?!…<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Noi, oamenii secolului 21, de\u0219i avem alte mijloace de documentare rapid\u0103 \u0219i temeinic\u0103 (documente istorice, c\u0103r\u021bi, calculatoare), dac\u0103 ar fi s\u0103 ne alegem un personaj istoric din urm\u0103 cu 4-5 secole (\u0218tefan cel Mare, Elisabeta I, Carol Quintul, cardinalul Richelieu, Ivan cel Groaznic) \u0219i am \u00eencerca s\u0103-l \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u0103m exact a\u0219a cum a fost \u00een realitate, n-am reu\u0219i dec\u00e2t un aproximativ portret moral-spiritual, func\u021bie de cultura, talentul \u0219i sursele de inspira\u021bie ale fiec\u0103ruia, nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd func\u021bie de sentimentele pe care deja le nutrim sau ni le form\u0103m treptat fa\u021b\u0103 de acel individ, potrivit scopului urm\u0103rit.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De exemplu, istoria ni-l prezint\u0103 pe Don Carlos, fiul cel mare al teribilului rege Filip al II-lea, ca fiind un degenerat sadea: instabil psihic, sadic, chinuitor de servitori \u0219i animale. Asta nu l-a \u00eempiedicat pe Friedrich Schiller s\u0103 scrie drama <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Don Carlos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, unde \u2013 ne \u00een\u0219tiin\u021beaz\u0103 prefa\u021batoarea Zoe Dumitrescu-Bu\u0219ulenga (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ho\u021bii*Don Carlos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, BPT, Editura Pentru Literatur\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, 1965) \u2013 nefericitul infante ne este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca o \u201enatur\u0103 nobil\u0103, generoas\u0103, care oric\u00e2nd ar putea, din punctul de vedere al tat\u0103lui s\u0103u, al ducelui de Alba \u0219i al Inchizi\u021biei, compromite \u00abopera\u00bb lor, sl\u0103bind fr\u00e2nele grozave ale absolutismului\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sighetu Marma\u021biei,\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 George\u00a0 PETROVAI\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 24-30 martie 2024<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I.Discutabila \u0219tiin\u021bificitate a istoriei\u00a0 Celebra afirma\u021bie socratian\u0103 \u201e\u0218tiu c\u0103 nu \u0219tiu nimic\u201d (sigur, adaug eu, G.P) este mereu actual\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te istoria, care taman din acest motiv n-ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 parte din r\u00e2ndul \u0219tiin\u021belor umaniste, ci \u2013 eventual – s\u0103 fie considerat\u0103 \u201eprincipalul instrument politico-ideologic \u00eentru prostirea \u0219i manevrarea maselor\u201d. Adic\u0103 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6295,"featured_media":23708,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23778","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-c10-editorial"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/podu-stricat-3J7uizoM3PM-unsplash.jpg?fit=1200%2C796&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23778","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6295"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23778"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23778\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23779,"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23778\/revisions\/23779"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23708"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23778"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23778"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gandaculdecolorado.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23778"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}